Crucible Belonging Short Summaries

Important Events in Louisiana History Essay

The State of Louisiana has a vivid and significant past unbeknownst to laymen. These occasions helped shape the image of its way of life and what is the current day United States. In the eighteenth century, this state was set up as a French Colony and inside barely 30 years, was given to the Spanish after the French-Indian War. Control of Louisiana permitted ships from Europe or Mexico to moor from the sea and move inland through the Mississippi stream. The impact of the realms at that point, are as yet continued to today. This state perceives no â€Å"official language† yet a few occupants communicate in French and Spanish. Beside this, the majority of the populace is comprised of Christians because of the impact of its colonizers. During the nineteenth century the most significant occasion was the incorporation of this state to The United States of America. The French held the region at that point however the recently framed United States was stressed that whenever, France could cut off the Mississippi and structure a strangle hold on the current exchange courses. President Thomas Jefferson approved the contact to France to arrange a buy for the region around the waterway to forestall a stranglehold. Napoleon at the time experienced such a large number of mishaps with his arrangement for Louisiana and chose to sell the entire domain. The contact, Robert R. Livingston, stressed that endorsement from Washington may take excessively since a long time ago chose to push through the discussions and went to a cost of fifteen million US Dollars. President Jefferson was astounded from the start yet chose to push through with the buy since it would twofold the government’s current land territory and clear a path for the extension west. This filled in as a point of reference fro the acquisition of domain and didn't spill a solitary drop of blood. It made ready for frontiersmen in the years to come and prepared for the United States to be associated with two incredible seas. In1901, examiners in Louisiana found oil. Alongside ranger service, this presented an influx of financial development which presented monetary development. This reduces the United States’ reliance on remote oil and places worth on this region of land which was recently esteemed distinctly for its openness to the Mississippi stream. Reference List 1. About Louisiana. Louisiana. gov. Last checked 06 May 2008 from http://www. louisiana. gov/wps/wcm/associate/Louisiana. gov/Explore/About+Louisiana/

The effects of implementation Free Essays

One may consider how the school came to be such an excellent spot, that even guests and outsiders delay for adoration. In the first place, in the year 1950-1951 through vigorous Mayor Marcia V. Marino, the school of Sat. We will compose a custom article test on The impacts of usage or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now Detachment was started to be opened. During those days the school site was absolutely a wild and dwelling place of wild creatures. Fortunately in July 1950, a portion of the unwavering and persevering men in the people of Mr.. Serious De Leon Villain, and Mrs.. Richard Cruz a barrio lieutenant, and P. T. A. President. They made an appeal marked by all the occupants of the spot that the network Is In critical need of a school site and working to house their future and present residents. With God’s favoring the request was allowed and endorsed In August 1952 with Mr.. Potential Antonio being the primary manager. Through his dynamic direction and oversight a school developing was sprung from the great coordination, help and untiring exertion to great individuals of Sat. Detachment. A woman instructor was appointed in the individual of Miss Marcela Orbs to composed Grade I classes. The class was first housed incidentally in a private house until at last a school site has been studied by Engineer Felon Radon and affirmed by the administration under announcement No. 51 Series of 1962 by the late President MacDougal. Promptly In 1953 a P. T. A. Building was built In the school site skewer headed by Mr.. Richard Cruz, the barrio chief, and guardians of the network, with exceptional notice to the late Mr.. Alexandra ABA, the main woodworker who made the school building arrived at Its finish. Year In and year out extra swarmed In until at long last in June 1958-1959 a total essential evaluations were opened under the head educator Mr.. Edgar Artist. Year 1961-1962, transitional classes were opened in this way made Sat. Unit a total primary school. His organization was set apart by the development of one Marco’s type, 2 Type B-An, and one P. T. A. Building. In any case, time flew so quick that continuously 1969-1970. Mr.. Edgar Artist was moved to Room Elementary School and was set by Mrs.. Slalom B. Rodeos got the money for instructor. During his first year of office a changeless fence, flagpole and solid water-fixed latrine was built which were all given by the great individuals of Sat. Unit and simultaneously a Marco’s Type Building was built and finished as well. By 1972-1973, the school got a lion share from the (10%) charge assortment, which made the fruition of two additional structures and P. T. A. assembling presently observed at the west side of the school site. The next year she was advanced Into a Principal, and along with her advancement was the development of another The most effective method to refer with The impacts of execution, Papers

Australia Has Regional and Global Links Essay Example for Free

Australia Has Regional and Global Links Essay Australia has territorial and worldwide connections with different nations for help. This report will depict the favorable circumstances and detriments for Australia that outcome from its Indonesian guide joins which incorporates improving Australia’s notoriety and giving business and preparing chances to individuals. Anyway nation may turn out to be excessively reliant on different nations for help and untrustworthy pioneers may utilize the cash for their own advantages. Above all else, Australia is prominently known to be ‘champions of the underdog’ who have confidence in the ‘fair go’ standard. To not have an abroad guide program is believed to be harsh and even unpatriotic. The Australian Overseas Aid Program contends that most Australians bolster Indonesian guide just in light of the fact that they genuinely care about the individuals who are less wealthy. Help to Indonesia may then support a benevolent connection among them and Australia and the fate of positive trades of social qualities. Furthermore, by giving guide to nations, for example, Indonesia, it gives work and preparing chances to Australians. A great many full and low maintenance employments have been made in government and non-government help organizations just as in private firms. Deliberate guide has been said to profit youngsters looking for work understanding and retirees and jobless individuals looking for beneficial work. The hypothesis is that intentional work gives them important information and work abilities and improves social connections between the two nations. Be that as it may, when there are positives, there are consistently negatives. The impediment for Australia giving guide is that the getting nation of the guide can turn out to be excessively reliant on accepting that cash. Rather than the nation utilizing the guide and getting increasingly autonomous by executing projects and strategies in their nation, they stay subject to the guide. For instance, Australia gives Indonesia around 2 billion dollars per year. This is a worry on the grounds that without Australian guide the individuals of Indonesia would be extremely poor. Moreover, another inconvenience would incorporate deceptive pioneers mishandling the cash. Australian and universal guide every year adds up to a large number of dollars and sadly, must cash is utilized by degenerate pioneers who utilize the assets for their own advantages or to help their private armed forces. Accordingly, the guide doesn't get to the individuals who need it most. In summation, giving guide to different nations will consistently have its points of interest and detriments. As observed from above, Australia profited by giving guide to nations, for example, Indonesia since it gave work and openings for work to Australians and improved Australia’s notoriety. Notwithstanding, giving an excessive amount of right hand could bring about the nation getting excessively free or the cash could be manhandled and utilized for an inappropriate purposes thus, the individuals who need it most don’t get the advantages.

Essay Writing Strategies for Advertising Analysis

Essay Writing Strategies for Advertising AnalysisThere are a few main types of essay topics for advertisement analysis. These include current topics that are most popular with MBA students, as well as more general essay topics that are used in numerous different courses, especially courses that focus on business and finance.In general, the subjects that most students prefer when it comes to advertisement analysis essay topics are current topics in the economy, such as unemployment, mortgage rates, retail sales, etc. They may be forced to choose from a variety of specific topics, depending on the course that they take, but in general these topics are far more popular than general topics that appear in many other courses. This is because current topics provide more scope for research, which is exactly what students are looking for when they are looking for topics for their essay.A slightly less common topic for MBA students is the topic of real estate. In fact, many of these students m ay choose to take a course that focuses on this particular area of business, while others choose to choose a more general examination that focuses on the real estate industry. Because real estate is such a popular area for students to focus on, it is often the topic that has the most advertising focus on the test.The topic of real estate is usually not the focus of a general admission essay, but it can be used as a study guide for the GMAT. However, it is important to note that this is not a direct correlation between real estate and success in the GMAT. The GMAT can be taken any time that you choose, whether it is during school or after graduation. The focus of your essay will always be on what you have learned during your coursework, so you should always include real estate in your essay writing.Another topic that many students will be asked to write is a sample paper, especially if they are taking a more competitive course like an executive MBA course. Sample papers are a great w ay to showcase what youhave learned throughout your four years at university. Your final paper should be comprehensive and well-written, but it will most likely also be the easiest composition that you will write.Many students may also find that they need to do some research before they get started with their essay. This is because there is so much information available in both print and on the internet, and many students find themselves lacking the knowledge to write an effective essay on a particular topic. When looking for a good source of information, it is often easier to do some research on your own first, rather than turn to outside sources to find the answers that you need. Writing an advertisement analysis essay may require you to look to your friends, classmates, or even experts in the field for advice on the best approaches to take.Finally, you will find that the essays that you write for admission will almost always be harder than your entrance essay. Because the admissi on essay is usually written by the admissions committee, they will expect that you know more about the subject matter than what you will actually be doing during the testing period. This is why it is important to have all of the information that you need before you begin your essay writing.Taking thorough preparations before you begin your preparation is the best way to ensure that you have everything that you need to give the best possible presentation. Make sure that you begin your preparation in the same place where you take your exams - a good strategy would be to sign up for an online GMAT practice test so that you can review all of the sections that you may need to cover, before you begin writing.

Reference To State Bank Of Mysore Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

A bank is a financial institution and a financial intermediary that accepts deposits and channels those deposits into lending activities, either directly or through capital markets. A bank connects customers with capital deficits to customers with capital surpluses. Due to their critical status within the financial system and the economy generally, banks are highly regulated in most countries. Most banks operate under a system known as fractional reserve banking where they hold only a small reserve of the funds deposited and lend out the rest for profit. They are generally subject to minimum capital requirements which are based on an international set of capital standards, known as the Basel Accords. The oldest bank still in existence is Monte dei Paschi di Siena, headquartered in Siena, Italy, which has been operating continuously since 1472. The word bank was borrowed in Middle English from Middle French banque, from Old Italian banca, from Old High German banc, bank bench, counter. Benches were used as desks or exchange counters during the Renaissance by Florentine bankers, who used to make their transactions atop desks covered by green tablecloths. One of the oldest items found showing money-changing activity is a silver Greek drachm coin from ancient Hellenic colony Trapezus on the Black Sea, modern Trabzon (350-325 BC) presented in the British Museum in Lond on. The coin shows a bankers table (trapeza) laden with coins, a pun on the name of the city. In fact, even today in Modern Greek the word Trapeza means both a table and a bank. HISTORY The first banks were the merchants of the ancient world that made loans to farmers and traders that carried goods between cities. The first records of such activity, dates back to around 2000 BC in Assyria and Babylonia. Later, in ancient Greece and during the Roman Empire, lenders who were based in temples made loans but also added two important innovations: accepting deposits and changing money. During this period, there is similar evidence of the independent development of lending of money in ancient China and separately in ancient India. Banking, in the modern sense of the word, can be traced to medieval and early Renaissance Italy, to the rich cities in the north such as Florence, Venice and Genoa. The Bardi and Peruzzi families dominated banking in 14th century Florence, establishing branches in many other parts of Europe. Perhaps the most famous Italian bank was the Medici bank, established by Giovanni Medici in 1397. The development of banking spread through Europe an d a number of important innovations took place in Amsterdam during the Dutch Republic in the 16th century and in London in the 17th century. During the 20th century, developments in telecommunications and computing resulting in major changes to the way banks operated and allowed them to dramatically increase in size and geographic spread. The Late-2000s financial crisis saw significant number of bank failures, including some of the worlds largest banks, and much debate about bank regulation. In ancient India during the Maurya dynasty (321 to 185 BC), an instrument called adesha was in use, which was an order on a banker desiring him to pay the money of the note to a third person, which corresponds to the definition of a bill of exchange as we understand it today. During the Buddhist period, there was considerable use of these instruments. Merchants in large towns gave letters of credit to one another. BUSINESS MODEL A bank can generate revenue in a variety of different ways including interest, transaction fees and financial advice. The main method is via charging interest on the capital it lends out to customers. The bank profits from the differential between the level of interest it pays for deposits and other sources of funds, and the level of interest it charges in its lending activities. This difference is referred to as the spread between the cost of funds and the loan interest rate. Historically, profitability from lending activities has been cyclical and dependent on the needs and strengths of loan customers and the stage of the economic cycle. Fees and financial advice constitute a more stable revenue stream and banks have therefore placed more emphasis on these revenue lines to smooth their financial performance. In the past 20 years American banks have taken many measures to ensure that they remain profitable while responding to increasingly changing market conditions. First, t his includes the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which allows banks again to merge with investment and insurance houses. Merging banking, investment, and insurance functions allows traditional banks to respond to increasing consumer demands for one-stop shopping by enabling cross-selling of products (which, the banks hope, will also increase profitability). Second, they have expanded the use of risk-based pricing from business lending to consumer lending, which means charging higher interest rates to those customers that are considered to be a higher credit risk and thus increased chance of default on loans. This helps to offset the losses from bad loans, lowers the price of loans to those who have better credit histories, and offers credit products to high risk customers who would otherwise be denied credit. Third, they have sought to increase the methods of payment processing available to the general public and business clients. These products include debit cards, prepaid cards, sma rt cards, and credit cards. They make it easier for consumers to conveniently make transactions and smooth their consumption over time (in some countries with underdeveloped financial systems, it is still common to deal strictly in cash, including carrying suitcases filled with cash to purchase a home). STANDARD ACTIVITIES Banks act as payment agents by conducting checking or current accounts for customers, paying check drawn by customers on the bank, and collecting checks deposited to customers current accounts. Banks also enable customer payments via other payment methods such as Automated Clearing House (ACH), Wire transfers or telegraphic transfer, EFTPOS, and automated teller machine (ATM). Banks borrow money by accepting funds deposited on current accounts, by accepting term deposits, and by issuing debt securities such as banknotes and bonds. Banks lend money by making advances to customers on current accounts, by making installment loans, and by investing in marketable debt securities and other forms of money lending. Banks provide almost all payment services, and a bank account is considered indispensable by most businesses, individuals and governments. Non-banks that provide payment services such as remittance companies are not normally considered an adequate substitute for having a b ank account. Banks borrow most funds from households and non-financial businesses, and lend most funds to households and non-financial businesses, but non-bank lenders provide a significant and in many cases adequate substitute for bank loans, and money market funds, cash management trusts and other non-bank financial institutions in many cases provide an adequate substitute to banks for lending savings too. RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN BANKING SECTOR Universal Banking: Universal banking refers to Financial Institution offering all types of financial services under one roof. Thus, for example, besides borrowing and lending for the long term, the development Financial Institutions will be able to borrow/lend for the short-term as well. Multiple delivery channels: Today the technology driven banks are finding various means to reduce costs and reach out to as many customers as possible spread over a diverse area. This has led to using multiple channels of delivery of their products. 1. ATM (Automatic Teller Machine): An ATM is basically a machine that can deliver cash to the customers on demand after authentication. However, nowadays we have ATMs that are used to vend different FMCG products also. An ATM does the basic function of a banks branch, i.e., delivering money on demand. Hence setting of newer branches is not required thereby significantly lowering infrastructure costs. Cost reduction is however possible only when these machines are used. In India, the average cash withdrawal per ATM per day has fallen from 100 last year to 70 this year. Though the number of ATMs since last year, it is not in sync with number of cards issued. Also, there are many dormant cardholders who do not use the ATMs and prefer the teller counters. In spite of these odds, Indian banks are increasing the number of ATMs at a feverish pace. These machines also hold the keys to future operational efficiency. 2. Net Banking: Net banking means carrying out banking transactions via the Internet. Thus the need for a branch is completely eliminated by technology. Also this can view his account details transaction history, order drafts, electronically make payments, transfer funds, check his account position and electronically communicate with the bank through the internet for which he may have wanted to visit the bank branch. Net banking helps a bank spread its reach to the entire world at a fraction of the cost. 3. Phone Banking: This means carrying out of banking transaction through the telephone. A customer can call up the banks helpline or phone banking number to conduct transaction like transfer of funds, making payments , checking of account balances, ordering cheques etc,. This also eliminates the customer of the need to visit the banks branch. 4. Mobile Banking: Banks can now help a customer conduct certain transactions through the Mobile phone with the help of technologies like WAP, SMS, etc., this helps a bank to combine the internet and leverage it to cut costs and at the same time provide its customer the convenience. Thus it can be seen that Tech savvy banks are tapping all the above alternative channels to cut costs improve customer satisfaction. TYPES OF BANKS RETAIL BANKING: Retail banking is one that deals directly with individuals and small businesses. BUSINESS BANKING: Business banking is one that provides services to mid market business. CORPORATE BANKING: Corporate banking is one that is directed at large business entities. PRIVATE BANKING: Private banking is one that provides wealth management services to high net worth individuals and families. INVESTMENT BANKING: Investment banking is one relating to activities on the financial markets. NON PROFIT ORGANISATIONS: These are the banks that are owned by the government and whose main objective is not to earn profit but help the society. ABOUT SUBJECT INTRODUCTION TO FINANCE Finance is the life blood of business. It is rightly termed as the science of money. Finance is very essential for the smooth running of the business. Finance controls the policies, activities and decisions of every business. DEFINITION: FINANCE is that business activity which is concerned with the organization and conversion of capital funds in meeting financial needs and overall objectives of a business enterprise -Wheeler Finance is one of the major elements, which activates the overall growth of the economy. Finance is the lifeblood of economic activity. A well knit financial system directly contributes to the growth of the economy. An efficient financial system calls for the effective performance of financial institutions, financial instruments and financial markets. FINANCE FUNCTION Finance function can be classified into 4 types. They are: Investment Decision One of the most important finance functions is to intelligently allocate capital to long term assets. This activity is also known as capital budgeting. It is important to allocate capital in those long term assets so as to get maximum yield in future. Following are the two aspects of investment decision Evaluation of new investment in terms of profitability Comparison of cut off rate against new investment and prevailing investment. Since the future is uncertain therefore there are difficulties in calculation of expected return. Along with uncertainty comes the risk factor which has to be taken into consideration. This risk factor plays a very significant role in calculating the expected return of the prospective investment. Therefore while considering investment proposal it is important to take into consideration both expected return and the risk involved. Investment decision not only involves allocating capital to long term assets but also involves decisions of using funds which are obtained by selling those assets which become less profitable and less productive. It wise decisions to decompose depreciated assets which are not adding value and utilize those funds in securing other beneficial assets. An opportunity cost of capital needs to be calculating while dissolving such assets. The correct cut off rate is calculated by using this opportunity cost of the required rate of return (RRR). Financial Decision Financial decision is yet another important function which a financial manger must perform. It is important to make wise decisions about when, where and how should a business acquire funds. Funds can be acquired through many ways and channels. Broadly speaking a correct ratio of an equity and debt has to be maintained. This mix of equity capital and debt is known as a firms capital structure. A firm tends to benefit most when the market value of a companys share maximizes this not only is a sign of growth for the firm but also maximizes shareholders wealth. On the other hand the use of debt affects the risk and return of a shareholder. It is more risky though it may increase the return on equity funds. A sound financial structure is said to be one which aims at maximizing shareholders return with minimum risk. In such a scenario the market value of the firm will maximize and hence an optimum capital structure would be achieved. Other than equity and debt there are several other too ls which are used in deciding a firm capital structure. Dividend Decision Earning profit or a positive return is a common aim of all the businesses. But the key function a financial manger performs in case of profitability is to decide whether to distribute all the profits to the shareholder or retain all the profits or distribute part of the profits to the shareholder and retain the other half in the business. Its the financial managers responsibility to decide a optimum dividend policy which maximizes the market value of the firm. Hence an optimum dividend payout ratio is calculated. It is a common practice to pay regular dividends in case of profitability. Another way is to issue bonus shares to existing shareholders. Liquidity Decision It is very important to maintain a liquidity position of a firm to avoid insolvency. Firms profitability, liquidity and risk all are associated with the investment in current assets. In order to maintain a tradeoff between profitability and liquidity it is important to invest sufficient funds in current assets. But since current assets do not earn anything for business therefore a proper calculation must be done before investing in current assets. Current assets should properly be valued and disposed of from time to time once they become non profitable. Currents assets must be used in times of liquidity problems and times of insolvency. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT Meaning of Financial Management: Financial Management means planning, organizing, directing and controlling the financial activities such as procurement and utilization of funds of the enterprise. It means applying general management principles to financial resources of the enterprise. DEFINITION: Financial management is the operational activity of a business that is responsible for obtaining and effectively utilizing the funds necessary for efficient operation Joseph Massie Scope or Elements: Investment decisions includes investment in fixed assets (called as capital budgeting). Investments in current assets are also a part of investment decisions called as working capital decisions. Financial decisions They relate to the raising of finance from various resources which will depend upon decision on type of source, period of financing, cost of financing and the returns thereby. Dividend decision The finance manager has to take decision with regards to the net profit distribution. Net profits are generally divided into two: Dividend for shareholders- Dividend and the rate of it has to be decided. Retained profits- Amount of retained profits has to be finalized which will depend upon expansion and diversification plans of the enterprise. OBJECTIVES OF FIANANCIAL MANAGEMENT The financial management is generally concerned with procurement, allocation and control of financial resources of a concern. The objectives can be- To ensure regular and adequate supply of funds to the concern. To ensure adequate returns to the shareholders, this will depend upon the earning capacity, market price of the share and expectations of the shareholders. To ensure optimum funds utilization. Once the funds are procured, they should be utilized in maximum possible way at least cost. To ensure safety on investment, i.e., funds should be invested in safe ventures so that adequate rate of return can be achieved. To plan a sound capital structure-There should be sound and fair composition of capital so that a balance is maintained between debt and equity capital. FUNCTIONS OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT: Estimation of capital requirements: A finance manager has to make estimation with regards to capital requirements of the company. This will depend upon expected costs and profits and future programs and policies of a concern. Estimations have to be made in an adequate manner which increases earning capacity of enterprise. Determination of capital composition: Once the estimation has been made, the capital structure has to be decided. This involves short- term and long- term debt equity analysis. This will depend upon the proportion of equity capital a company is possessing and additional funds which have to be raised from outside parties. Choice of sources of funds: For additional funds to be procured, a company has many choices like- Issue of shares and debentures Loans to be taken from banks and financial institutions Public deposits to be drawn like in form of bonds. Choice of factor will depend on relative merits and demerits of each source and period of finan cing. Investment of funds: The finance manager has to decide to allocate funds into profitable ventures so that there is safety on investment and regular returns is possible. Disposal of surplus: The net profits decisions have to be made by the finance manager. This can be done in two ways: Dividend declaration It includes identifying the rate of dividends and other benefits like bonus. Retained profits The volume has to be decided which will depends upon expansion, innovational, diversification plans of the company. Management of cash: Finance manager has to make decisions with regards to cash management. Cash is required for many purposes like payment of wages and salaries, payment of electricity and water bills, payment to creditors, meeting current liabilities, maintenance of enough stock, purchase of raw materials, etc. Financial controls: The finance manager has not only to plan, procure and utilize the funds but he also has to exercise control over finance s. This can be done through many techniques like ratio analysis, financial forecasting, cost and profit control, etc. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS We know business is mainly concerned with the financial activities. In order to ascertain the financial status of the business every enterprise prepares certain statements, known as financial statements. Financial statements are mainly prepared for decision making purposes but the information as is provided in the financial statements is not adequately helpful in drawing a meaningful conclusion. Thus, an effective analysis and interpretation of financial statement is required. Financial analysis means establishing a meaningful relationship between various items of the two financial statements with each other in such a way that a conclusion is drawn. By financial statements we mean two statements: Profit and loss account or Income Statement Balance Sheet or Position Statement The term financial analysis is also known as analysis and interpretation of financial statements. It refers to establishing meaningful relationship between various items of the two financial stateme nts (income and position statement). It determines the financial strength and weakness of the firm. Analysis of financial statements is an attempt to assess the efficiency and performance of an enterprise. Thus, the analysis and interpretation of financial statements is very essential to measure the efficiency, profitability, financial soundness and future prospects of the business units. Financial analysis serves the following purposes: Measuring the profitability Indicating the trend of achievements Assessing the growth potential of business Comparative position in relation to other firms COMPARATIVE STATEMENT Comparative study of financial statements is the comparison of the financial statements of the business with the previous years financial statements. It enables identification of weak points and applying corrective measures. Practically, two financial statements are prepared in comparative form for analysis purpose. COMPARATIVE BALANCE SHEET: The comparative balance sheet shows the different assets and liabilities of the firm on different dates to make comparison of balances from one date to another. The comparative balance sheet has two columns for the data of original balance sheets. A third column is used to show change (increase / decrease) in figures. The fourth column may be added for giving percentages of increase or decrease. While interpreting comparative Balance Sheet the interpreter is expected to study the following aspects: Current financial position and liquidity position Long term financial position Profitability of the concern TREND ANALYSIS Trend analysis seeks out and examines systematic historical patterns in financial statements or other quantitative data. Such analysis of data overtime can vary from primarily descriptive techniques to more complex cause and effect methods. This module minimizes discussions of cause and effect analysis and focuses on the descriptive methods of trend analysis and two closely related analytical techniques- fluctuation analysis and common size statements analysis. Trend analysis usually involves choosing one fiscal period and then expressing subsequent quantities as a percentage of the data associated with this base period. In the case of an income statement, changes in all items could be assessed in relation to the base period. Significant changes can then be investigated further. Trend analysis is valuable when one wants to use historical data to predict future values or to calculate expected values for comparison to actual current values. Trend analysis is also useful for ide ntifying unexpected variances that may indicate strategic or operational changes or entity weaknesses worthy of additional exploration and analysis. TREND ANALYSIS = NEXT YEAR CURRENT YEAR / CURRENT YEAR *100 CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH STUDY TITLE OF THE STUDY: A study on the FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE COMPARATIVE TREND ANALYSIS OF STATE BANK OF MYSORE (SBM) INTRODUCTION: Finance Finance is the life blood of business. It is rightly termed as the science of money. Finance is very essential for the smooth running of the business. Finance controls the policies, activities and decisions of every business. DEFINITION: FINANCE is that business activity which is concerned with the organization and conversion of capital funds in meeting financial needs and overall objectives of a business enterprise -Wheeler Finance is one of the major elements, which activates the overall growth of the economy. Finance is the lifeblood of economic activity. A well knit financial system directly contributes to the growth of the economy. An efficient financial system calls for the effective performance of financial institutions, financial instruments and financial markets. Financial Analysis We know business is mainly concerned with the financial activities. In order to ascertain the financial status of the business every enterprise prepares certain statements, known as financial statements. Financial statements are mainly prepared for decision making purposes but the information as is provided in the financial statements is not adequately helpful in drawing a meaningful conclusion. Thus, an effective analysis and interpretation of financial statement is required. Financial analysis means establishing a meaningful relationship between various items of the two financial statements with each other in such a way that a conclusion is drawn. By financial statements we mean two statements: Profit and loss account or Income Statement Balance Sheet or Position Statement The term financial analysis is also known as analysis and interpretation of financial statements. It refers to establishing meaningful relationship between various items of the two financial stateme nts (income and position statement). It determines the financial strength and weakness of the firm. Analysis of financial statements is an attempt to assess the efficiency and performance of an enterprise. Thus, the analysis and interpretation of financial statements is very essential to measure the efficiency, profitability, financial soundness and future prospects of the business units. Financial analysis serves the following purposes: Measuring the profitability Indicating the trend of achievements Assessing the growth potential of business Comparative position in relation to other firms Research Design A Research Design is a logical and systematic plan prepared for directing a research study. It specifies the objectives of the study, the methodology and the techniques to be adopted for achieving the objectives. It constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data. It is the plan, structure, and strategy of investigation conceived so as to obtain answers to research questions. A research design is the program that guides the investigator in the process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting observation. It provides a systematic plan of procedure for the researcher to follow. It is indispensable for a research project. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Banks contribute to the economic development of the country. The current study has been undertaken to analyze the financial strength and stability of State Bank of Mysore, to suggest remedies wherever possible, so as to set the banks progress on the right path and to see if it is able to achieve its objectives. This analysis is also critical and essential to study. This will provide direct benefit to the company. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: To study the financial performance of the bank. To study the trends in the previous four years. To find out the profitability of the Bank. data for this from the bank To provide appropriate solutions to problems that exists. SCOPE OF THE STUDY: This study is conducted at State Bank of Mysore, Bangalore. The current study is conducted with the help of published annual reports of the bank of the years 2008-2012. The study gives an idea about the present financial position of the bank. HYPOTHESIS TESTING: OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS: METHODOLOGY OF STUDY: Review of Literature Purpose In this project work secondary data are used as a basis of analysis. In this study the financial performance of State Bank of Mysore, only past financial statements like Balance Sheet is studied. The current study has been undertaken to analyze the functioning and financial performance of the bank over the past years and suggest remedies wherever possible so as to set the banks progress on the right path and to see if it is able to achieve its objectives. Method of Review In this project the method used was the 4 year annual report of State Bank of Mysore to analyze the trends in the previous years. In order to get the information regarding the bank and its operations, internet was used. The banks web address also helped to collect information regarding the country wide operations. Benefits of the Literature It facilitates to know types of secondary data, advantages of secondary data. It also helps to know the following: Topic on which similar research has been done Purpose of the earlier similar research Conclusion derived from the earlier research It facilitates to know how this research is different from the earlier one Helped in making this research more specific and precise thereby enabling to analyze the problem systematically. Data Collection Method The sources of data in this study are basically secondary in nature. Secondary data published by State Bank of Mysore is used for the study. Secondary data was collected from annual reports, other brochures and website of the bank. Reference Period A Reference Period of four years has been taken for the analysis i.e., 2008-2009, 2009-2010, 2010-2011, and 2011-2012. By conducting an analysis on a 4 year span, it provides a wider coverage on the operations of the bank and techniques can be brought about in a more effective manner. SAMPLING PLAN AND SAMPLE SIZE: This will not apply for the study as it is a finance topic, more dependent on secondary data. PLAN OF ANALYISIS: Techniques Used Trend Analysis Comparative statements LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY: The study is limited to banking sector. Time period is one of the limitations of the study. Secondary data is used mainly for the study. Therefore, the limitations of secondary data are applicable to this study as well. The study is limited to the financial performance of State Bank of Mysore. The research was conducted to get an overall view of the firm; as such it was not possible to probe deep into the subject. CHAPTER SCHEME: INTRODUCTION This chapter mentions about information on the Industry Bank and the Subject Finance. RESEARCH STUDY This chapter contains the blue print of the entire project. Research Design is the arrangement of conditions for the collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure. It includes all the 10 steps in research design. Introduction, statement of problem, objectives of the study, scope of the study, hypothesis, operational definitions, methodology and sources of data, sampling design, plan of analysis and tools for collection of data, limitations of the study, overview of chapter scheme. COMPANY PROFILE This chapter includes an overview of the company Origin and development, products and services, competitors, organizational structure. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION This chapter includes the comparative trend analysis made from the secondary data obtained from the company such as t he company guide and brochures. With the help of tables and graphs, interpretations were made. Tables and graphs of capital, reserves surplus, deposits, borrowings, other liabilities provisions, total liabilities, cash balance with RBI, balances with bank money at call, investments, advances, fixed assets, other assets, total assets, contingent liability, bills for collection, equity paid up, net worth, capital employed, sales, PBT, PAT, EPS, dividend. FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION This is the last chapter in the research project which contains summary of findings for the study. Based on the analysis and interpretation, conclusions and suggestions are finally given by the researcher in this chapter.

A Look Into the Field of Agriculture Essay - 2163 Words

History and Development Agriculture has been around for millenniums. It has been around since the beginning of time and has undergone significant developments since the time of the earliest cultivation. It was first thought of in the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East and later spread to northern and southern China, Africa’s Sahel, New Guinea and several regions of the Americas. Agriculture practices such as irrigation, crop rotation, fertilizers, and pesticides have made great strides in the past century to meet the needs of farmers. (Wikipedia) Strawberries have a history that goes back over 2,200 years. Strawberries grew wild in Italy as long ago as 234 B.C. and were discovered in Virginia by the first Europeans while early†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Two major agencies were created to regulate trade among the agriculture industry. These included the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs and the North American Free Trade Agreement.† (Wikipedia) The developm ent of agriculture has gone to levels no one expected. It is very powerful and is needed to survive. Future Growth The future of agriculture and especially strawberry growing can be predicted in many different ways. It really depends on who you are and how you think of the economy. Many say that large agriculture businesses will die out while others say people will always need to eat and will be just fine. â€Å"There are over 52,000 jobs involving agriculture annually.† (Washington State University) Between 1950 and 2000, the aver- age amount of milk produced per cow increased from 5,314 pounds to 18,201 pounds per year, the average yield of corn rose from 39 bushels to 153 bushels per acre, and each farmer in 2000 produced on average 12 times as much farm output per hour worked as a farmer did in 1950. The development of new technology was a primary factor in these improvements. (ers.usda) The first view is the pessimist way of thinking the future will go. They say that because corporations are not producing an equal ratio of food to person, that the business will soon collapse. (Cal Poly) This will cause farming to be more local and not worldwide. With gasShow MoreRelatedRecruiting Strategically : Increasing Enrollment1284 Words   |  6 PagesBaker, Lauri M., et al. Recruiting strategically: increasing enrollment in academic programs of agriculture. Journal of Agricultural Education, vol. 54, no. 3, 2013, pp. 54-64. Academic OneFile, doi: 10.5032/jae.2013.03054 This article speaks about the gap that is present in the field for agriculture jobs, along with a survey about how to improve it. 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